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The quality of ground water
plays a vital role in assessing the availability of safe water for drinking, irrigation
and industrial use. The Chemical Lab of NCR is one of the most modern Lab equipped with
sophisticated instruments to carry out Hydrochemical studies in Madhya Pradesh
Hydrochemical studies are taken up regularly in the various areas of the State and special
studies of those areas that are prone to pollution due to industries, use of fertilizers
and sewage etc. |
The lab of
NCR has been recognized by World Bank as the only lab to conduct analytical quality
control (AQC) exercise for ground water laboratories of CGWB and HP sponsored State
Governments. Under H.P. Programme, about 50 laboratories participated and their analytical
capabilities were checked.
Hydrochemistry
The chemical quality of
ground water has been brought out by analyzing 790 water samples collected from National
Hydrograph Network Stations during May 2001 falling in north central region.
The distribution of EC in
the ground water shows that in most part of the area, EC is in the range of 750 to 1500
m/cm at 250 C is found in the north and western parts of the state. High to very high EC
more than 3000 m/cm at 250 C is found in a few localized pockets, in parts of Bhind,
Shajapur, Chhatarpur, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Sagar, Vidisha, and Sheopurkalan districts. The
ground water in the region is generally alkaline-earth bicarbonate type but in the areas
where EC is more than 1500 us/cm at 250 C, acidic ions like chloride, nitrate and sulphate
together, dominate over bicarbonate ions.
Salinity:
The chemical quality of
ground water in the area of north central region of Madhya Pradesh is generally good. High
salinity is found in Bhind district in general and in localized areas in Shajapur, Sagar,
Ratlam, Ujjain, Vidisha, Chhatarpur and Sheopur districts. The cases of high salinity with
EC more than 2500 ms/cm at 250 C is found in water samples of the wells collected during
May 2001. The chloride concentration were also high in these water samples. Very high EC
of 7620 ms/cm at 250 C and chloride concnetration of 1872 mg/l were found in a water
sample of Chirole village of Bhind district. The results of high salinity with EC more
than 2500 ms/cm at 250 C are given in Table - 1.
High salinity in
Deeper aquifers:
(A) Bhind
District:
Bhind district lies
between N latitudes 220 55’ to 250 58’ and E longitudes 780 13’ to 790
09’. The area exhibits plain and ravenous topography and is drained by rivers
Chambal, Sind, Kunwari, Beseli, Pehug and their tributaries. These rivers are perennial in
nature and show dendrite drainage pattern. Alluvial plains forming a flat terrain with few
isolated hillocks in southern parts of the district mostly cover Bhind district. The
maximum elevation with reference to MSL is about 242 m in the southern part whereas the
minimum elevation is 132 amsl near village Dehla.
On the basis of the
result of ground water exploration multi aquifer system (Two to three) have been
demarcated and following four saline zones are identified.
Kishupura - Surpura -
Sakraya saline zone
Sakraya - Kanchuri saline
zone
Banpura - Machhand -
Vijpura saline zone
Mau - Amayan - Bharoli -
Kemokheri saline zone.
(B) Mandsaur
District:
In Shallow aquifer, the
salinity has been observed in isolated patches in villages Kuchrod, Nipaniya, Richha,
Nagri, Multanpura and Bhawgarh of Mandsaur blocks and Pipliya, Mand, Narayangarh of
Malhargarh block. The EC in shallow ranges from 470 to 5400 micro Seimens/cm at 250 C,
Salinity in shallow aquifer is mainly due to pollutions. However in villages Belara,
Tilrod of Sitamau blocks and Gurariya Narsingh of Garoth block are reported to be
contaminated by deeper aquifers.
In deeper aquifer
salinity problem is quite extensive. In Garoth and Bhanpura blocks the EC of saline water
ranges from 2000 to 10281 micro Seimens/cm at 250 C and occurs in shallow aquifer also.
The depth of aquifer increases towards Sitamau block (depth 50 to 60 m) and further to
Malhargarh and Mandsaur block (depth 60 to 120 mbgl). The EC range of saline water in
Sitamau block is 1600 to 4296 micro Seimens/cm at 250 C in Malhargarh block it is 1700 to
5650 microseimens/cm at 250 C and in Mandsaur block it is 1800 to 10,000 micro Seimens/cm.
Table : Location
showing High EC in ground water.
| S.No. |
District |
Location |
EC (mS/cm at 250 C) |
Chloride (mg/L) |
| 1 |
Bhind |
Ater |
2850 |
411 |
| 2 |
Bhind |
Gormi |
2980 |
213 |
| 3 |
Bhind |
Lavan |
2510 |
184 |
| 4 |
Bhind |
Mehgaon |
3000 |
354 |
| 5 |
Bhind |
Chirole |
7620 |
1872 |
| 6 |
Bhind |
Mehenda |
4020 |
752 |
| 7 |
Bhind |
Lahar |
5840 |
1525 |
| 8 |
Chhatarpur |
Gaurihar |
3730 |
631 |
| 9 |
Datia |
Bhander |
3600 |
461 |
| 10 |
Indore |
Sanver |
2610 |
631 |
| 11 |
Jhabua |
Alirajpur |
2570 |
518 |
| 12 |
Jhabua |
Nanpura |
3890 |
940 |
| 13 |
Khandwa |
Kahlari |
3040 |
872 |
| 14 |
Khargone |
Sawda |
2590 |
365 |
| 15 |
Morena |
Sikroda |
2800 |
191 |
| 16 |
Rajgarh |
Talen |
3300 |
762 |
| 17 |
Sheopur |
Vijaypur Colony |
4000 |
957 |
| 18 |
Sheopur |
Dhobni |
3450 |
376 |
Fluoride in
Ground Water:
The study of fluoride
content in water samples of hydrograph network stations of May, 2001 shows that fluoride
concentration is generally low but at some places it is high where withdrawal from
handpumps is higher. Very high concentration of 9.07 mg/l fluoride was found in
observation well of Penchi village in Guna district. The concentration of fluoride more
than 1.5 mg/l in ground water are shown in Table. The fluoride in excess of 1.5 mg/l in
water is harmful and causes fluorosis. The wells having fluoride more than 1.5 mg/l are
given in Table.
Table : Locations
showing fluoride in excess of 1.5 mg/l in ground water.
| S.No. |
District |
Location |
Fluoride (mg/l) |
| 1 |
Betul |
Kapasia |
2.68 |
| 2 |
Bhind |
Mehgaon |
3.60 |
| 3 |
Bhopal |
Naseerabad |
2.72 |
| 4 |
Chhatarpur |
Laundi |
1.58 |
| 5 |
Chhatarpur |
Latampur |
1.60 |
| 6 |
Chhatarpur |
Mankari |
1.70 |
| 7 |
Chhindwara |
Jamai |
2.28 |
| 8 |
Chhindwara |
Mohi |
3.54 |
| 9 |
Datia |
Imaliya |
2.70 |
| 10 |
Dewas |
Nevri |
1.90 |
| 11 |
Dewas |
Pipliyanankar |
2.00 |
| 12 |
Dewas |
Matmor |
2.20 |
| 13 |
Dewas |
Bamhori |
2.90 |
| 14 |
Dhar |
Dhulsar |
1.94 |
| 15 |
Guna |
Penchi |
9.07 |
| 16 |
Gwalior |
Lakanpur |
2.38 |
| 17 |
Harda |
Handia |
1.91 |
| 18 |
Indore |
Ushapura |
1.93 |
| 19 |
Jabalpur |
Bisahanpura |
5.00 |
| 20 |
Jhabua |
Meghnagar |
2.09 |
| 21 |
Khandwa |
Ichhapur |
2.57 |
| 22 |
Khargone |
Sawda |
3.24 |
| 23 |
Rajgarh |
Pachor |
4.70 |
| 24 |
Sagar |
Deori khas |
1.80 |
| 25 |
Sehore |
Jatta khera |
1.64 |
| 26 |
Seoni |
Pipardani |
1.67 |
| 27 |
Shajapur |
Akodia |
3.05 |
| 28 |
Shajapur |
Choma |
3.45 |
| 29 |
Shajapur |
M. Barodia |
4.85 |
| 30 |
Shivpuri |
Awas |
1.53 |
| 31 |
Tikamgarh |
Bamori |
1.57 |
| 32 |
Ujjain |
Delchi Buzurg |
1.50 |
Fluoride problem
in Chhindwara District:
There are 34 villages in the Bohna Nala
microwater shed area, out of which 18 villages are found to contain excessive fluoride in
deeper aquifer. The fluoride concentration in this watershed area ranges between 1.80 mg/l
to 10.70 mg/l.
The source of fluoride
may be from weathered and fractured granite/pegmatite, both at shallow and deeper levels.
The granitic rocks which contain fluoride bearing minerals releases fluoride into ground
water from higher elevations to lower ground and the concentrations of fluoride increases
along its flow paths as it accumulates more and more towards low lying area i.e. the
concentrations of fluoride increases from recharge to discharge areas.
Fluoride Problem
in Shivpuri District:
A total 24 number of
villages in Karera and Narwar blocks have been identified where the fluoride concentration
in phreatic and deeper aquifer is more than the permissible limit (i.e. more than 1.5
mg/l). Out of these, in 11 villages 100% ground water structures are having high fluoride
while in remaining 13 villages 50% ground water structures are having high concentrations.
The concentration of
fluoride ranges from 1.50 to 6.40 mg/l.
The field studies shows
that the source of fluoride is fluor-apatite mineral occurring in quartz vein intruded in
granite and granitic gneiss rocks.
Nitrate
Pollution:
The undesirable changes
in the natural quality of groundwater due to anthropogenic activities of man is of great
concern. Nitrate is non essential constituent of ground water. It reaches ground water by
leaking from human and animal wastes, nitrogenous fertilizers and industrial wastes.
Concentration of nitrate in excess of 45 mg/l in water is harmful for human consumption,
particularly to infants as it causes blue baby syndrome disease. BIS (1991) had set a
permissible limit of 45 mg/l NO3 and 100 mg/l NO3 as maximum permissible limit if
alternate sources is not available for drinking water. The concentration of NO3 ions more
than 45 mg/l in ground water of Madhya Pradesh are shown in Plate No.
The study of nitrate
contents in ground water reveals that in about 30% water samples, nitrate concentration is
above 45 mg/l and in about 11% water samples nitrate concentration is above 100 mg/l. Very
high nitrate concentration of 1000 mg/l is found in the ground water sample of Dhobni
observation well in Sheopur district. The well having more than 100 mg/l nitrate in ground
water of Madhya Pradesh are given in Table.
Table : Location
showing nitrate in excess of 100 mg/l in ground water.
| S.No. |
District |
Location |
NO3 (mg/l) |
| 1 |
Barwani |
Niwali |
121 |
| 2 |
Betul |
Multai |
718 |
| 3 |
Bhind |
Lavan |
169 |
| 4 |
Bhind |
Surpura |
112 |
| 5 |
Bhopal |
Islamnagar |
131 |
| 6 |
Chhatarpur |
Harpalpur |
118 |
| 7 |
Chhatarpur |
Isanagar |
142 |
| 8 |
Chhatarpur |
Newari |
114 |
| 9 |
Chhatarpur |
Khajuraho |
153 |
| 10 |
Chhatarpur |
Chandranagar |
113 |
| 11 |
Chhatarpur |
Buxwaha |
130 |
| 12 |
Chhatarpur |
Gaurihar |
310 |
| 13 |
Chhatarpur |
Laundi |
211 |
| 14 |
Chhatarpur |
Sarwai |
190 |
| 15 |
Chhindwara |
Sona Pipri |
134 |
| 16 |
Chhindwara |
Saonri |
274 |
| 17 |
Chhindwara |
Pandurna |
102 |
| 18 |
Chhindwara |
Sausar |
208 |
| 19 |
Chhindwara |
Kundali |
137 |
| 20 |
Chhindwara |
Amarwara |
223 |
| 21 |
Chhindwara |
Markamdhana |
181 |
| 22 |
Chhindwara |
Ramgarh |
165 |
| 23 |
Damoh |
Patera |
218 |
| 24 |
Datia |
Datia |
159 |
| 25 |
Datia |
Bhander |
680 |
| 26 |
Dewas |
Dewas |
262 |
| 27 |
Dewas |
Kantaphor |
143 |
| 28 |
Dewas |
Pipri |
238 |
| 29 |
Dhar |
Singhana |
138 |
| 30 |
Dhar |
Rajod |
117 |
| 31 |
Dhar |
Manawar |
192 |
| 32 |
Guna |
Chanderi |
217 |
| 33 |
Gwalior |
Behat |
380 |
| 34 |
Harda |
Chhipawad |
162 |
| 35 |
Hoshangabad |
Matkuli |
181 |
| 36 |
Indore |
Sanwer |
115 |
| 37 |
Jabalpur |
Majholi |
132 |
| 38 |
Jhabua |
Alirajpur |
122 |
| 39 |
Katni |
Rithi |
125 |
| 40 |
Khandwa |
Balwara |
100 |
| 41 |
Khandwa |
Burhanpur |
120 |
| 42 |
Khargone |
Balwara |
127 |
| 43 |
Mandsaur |
Garoth |
115 |
| 44 |
Morena |
Ganganagar |
185 |
| 45 |
Morena |
Atar |
229 |
| 46 |
Morena |
Sikroda |
169 |
| 47 |
Morena |
Morena |
135 |
| 48 |
Morena |
Khera Mewada |
135 |
| 49 |
Narsinghpur |
Sundernagar |
111 |
| 50 |
Narsinghpur |
Mangeaon |
106 |
| 51 |
Narsinghpur |
Ramnivari |
280 |
| 52 |
Panna |
Bariyarpur |
121 |
| 53 |
Panna |
Ajaigarh |
116 |
| 54 |
Raisen |
Begamganj |
225 |
| 55 |
Raisen |
Silwani |
122 |
| 56 |
Rajgarh |
Rajgarh |
210 |
| 57 |
Rajgarh |
Chhapihera |
300 |
| 58 |
Sagar |
Khimlasa |
160 |
| 59 |
Sagar |
Khurai |
320 |
| 60 |
Sagar |
Behrol |
181 |
| 61 |
Sagar |
Banda |
141 |
| 62 |
Sagar |
Hirapur |
146 |
| 63 |
Sagar |
Parsoria |
251 |
| 64 |
Sagar |
Jaisinghnagar |
110 |
| 65 |
Satna |
Amdara |
193 |
| 66 |
Sehore |
Ichhapur |
162 |
| 67 |
Seoni |
Mehta |
151 |
| 68 |
Seoni |
Khwasa |
138 |
| 69 |
Shajapur |
Kalapipal |
130 |
| 70 |
Sheopur |
Sheopur |
200 |
| 71 |
Sheopur |
Kalmi |
200 |
| 72 |
Sheopur |
Baruda |
101 |
| 73 |
Sheopur |
Vijaypur Colony |
194 |
| 74 |
Sheopur |
Dhobni |
1000 |
| 75 |
Shivpuri |
Amola |
177 |
| 76 |
Shivpuri |
Deharda Chauraha |
510 |
| 77 |
Shivpuri |
Masoori |
106 |
| 78 |
Shivpuri |
Pichore |
135 |
| 79 |
Ujjain |
Mahidpur Road |
302 |
| 80 |
Umaria |
Umaria |
272 |
| 81 |
Vidisha |
Lateri |
102 |
| 82 |
Vidisha |
Patharia |
232 |
| 83 |
Vidisha |
Bilari |
231 |
| 84 |
Vidisha |
Gyaraspur |
136 |
Trace Element in
Ground Water:
Trace element studies
were carried out in the ground water samples of all the hydrograph stations for iron,
manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, silver, lithium, cadmium, chromium and lead metals. The
study shows that the concentration of elements except iron, manganese and zinc were below
permissible limits as prescribed by BIS (1991). The concentration of iron manganese and
zinc were found in excess of permissible limits in few water samples. The permissible
limit for zinc is 5000 ug/l where as maximum permissible limit is 15000 ug/l. In 8 No. of
wells zinc was found in the range of 5200 to 14800 mg/l. The concentration of iron and
manganese in the ground water samples of Madhya Pradesh were found higher in most of the
samples. In about 212 water samples iron was found more than 300 ug/l and 17000 ug/l of
iron was found in water of Parasi village of Umaria district and Nasserabad village in
Bhopal district.
POLLUTION
STUDIES:
Nagda District
Ujjain:
Nagda is a big industrial
area of Birla group of companies with main unit being Grasim Industry. This industry is
engaged in manufacturing of polyester yarn where as other industries are its subsidiaries
and produce raw material like acids, alkali etc. required for main unit. Pollution study
conducted in the area showed that Chambal River is highly polluted in Nagda. The river
water, which was actually the effluent of the industries, had EC of 6510 mS/cm at 250 C
was dark brownish in colour. The ground water in the surrounding area like Khachrod Naka,
Gidhgarh, Parmakheri etc. had become very saline, concentrations of Na+, Cl-, SO42- &
NO3- were found upto mg/l, 557 mg/l, 600 mg/l and 180 mg/l respectively in 1995.
Pollution study
in Ratlam.
Pollution study conducted
in the Ratlam area shows that ground water in part of Ratlam town and about 12 villages
namely Doshigem, Ghatala, Bajankhedi, Jadwasa Kala, and Khurd etc. had become red coloured
due to discharge of industrial effluent by Sajjan Chemicals. The ground water in these
areas had become saline also. The main industries contributing salinity were Sajjan
Chemicals, Ratlam, Alcohol Plant, Jayant Vitamins, Steller Drugs and IPCA Lab. Except
Alcohol Plant and IPCA Lab all other factories are closed.
Pollution study
in Mandideep (Raisen district):
Pollution study conducted
in the area shows that many industries are discharging effluent through drains and
ultimately joining the Betwa river. The Betwa River was found highly polluted in
Mandideep. The EC, Chloride and Nitrate concentrations in river water were 1990 mS/cm at
250 C, 454 mg/l and 64 mg/l respectively where as in upstream side before it receives
effluent concentrations of these parameter were 350 mS/cm 250 C, 21 mg/l and 6 mg/l
respectively.
Pollution study
in Bhopal:
Industrial Pollution: No
case of ground water pollution due to Industrial effluent was detected but effluent of M/s
Adarsh Electroplating works in Govindpura was found highly toxic. The EC of the effluent
was 64000 mS/cm 250 C. The concentrations of Zn and Fe were 1345 mg/l and 3855 mg/l. The
concentrations of toxic metals like Cd, Cr and Cu were also high.
Agricultural Pollution:
Agricultural Pollution was studied in Phanda area of Bhopal district. The studies showed
that nitrate ion, which is responsible for agricultural pollution and sewage pollution was
found in almost all the ground water samples. Nitrate pollution of agricultural areas was
much below danger level but in urban area it was high and at many places its concentration
was above 45 mg/l. Maximum concentration upto 300 mg/l was found in handpump of Kajlas.
Pollution Study
in Gwalior:
Pollution study in the
area show that ground water pollution was found in Jainawali Villages 13 km away from
Gwalior city on Morena road. The main source of pollution discharge of effluent of Gwalior
distillery in open land. The main effect of pollution in the area was high salinity.
Pollution study
in Pithampura (Dhar district) :
Studies were conducted in
the area to find out ground water pollution due to industrial activities. During study is
was noted that most of the industries, after treating the effluent were utilizing it for
gardening. The industries are giving only primary treatment to the effluent and acid salt
content of treated effluent is generally very high. Highly saline effluent is ultimately
adversely affecting the ground water quality. Some of the cases where tubewells water was
found saline are Prakash Industries, Indorama, Synthetics, Metalman Industries, Hindustan
Phosphate Ltd. and L & T Case equipment. The EC value of ground water were found
raging from 2580 mS/cm 250 C to 17000 mS/cm 250 C. Concentration of chloride, Calcium and
sodium ions was also found to be very high. The EC and chloride concentrations of B Arun
Factory was found to be 17000 mS/cm 250 C and 5390 mg/l respectively. It is suspected that
the effluent of Hindustan Phosphate Ltd is contaminating this tubewell. The EC and
chloride values of the effluent of this industry were 45000 mS/cm 250 C and 13,300 mg/l
respectively.
Pollution study
in Ghatabillod (Dhar district):
Pollution study of this
area shows that ground water of the industrial premises of Kedia Great Galeon Ltd.,
National Steel & Agro Industries and Jyoti overseas Ltd. are saline. The EC value was
found to vary from 2450 mS/cm 250 C to 5440 mS/cm 250 C and chloride concentrations were
found in the range of 550 mg/l 1490 mg/l. It is observed that primary treated effluents,
which are also rich in chloride, and other salt contents, are deteriorating the ground
water quality in the industrial area.
Quality of
Groundwater in Madhya Pradesh
|
GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES
