Ananthapur

State headquarters		HYDERABAD
Area		2,75,068 sq. km
Districts		23
Mandals		1127
Population (2001)		75,727,541
Rural population		55,223,94 (72.92 % )

Major geological formations		Granite, Granite gneiss, Khondalite, Schist, Phyllite, Limestone, Quartzite, Sandstone, Shale, Basalt and Alluvium

Major rivers		Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Gundlakamma, Vamsadhara and Nagavali
Major irrigation projects		Sri Rama Sagar, Nagarjuna Sagar, Prakasam barraige, Dawalaiswaram barriage, Srisailam, Tungabhadra, Vamsadhara, Mid-Pennar, etc
Normal annual rainfall		922 mm
Net area sown (2005-2006)		1,08,39,000 ha

Net Area irrigated by all sources (2005-2006)		43,93,000 ha
Net Area irrigated by ground water (2005-2006)		19,87,000 ha
Stage of ground water development		45 %
Districts with more than 70% of ground water development		Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, Medak, Nizamabad and Ranga Reddy
No. of dug wells (2000-01)		11,85,216
No. of shallow tube wells (2000-01)		6,56,359
No. of deep tube wells (2000-01)		87,482

State headquarters

HYDERABAD

Area

2,75,068 sq. km

Districts

Mandals

1127

Population (2001)

75,727,541

Rural population

55,223,94 (72.92 % )

Major geological formations

Granite, Granite gneiss, Khondalite, Schist, Phyllite, Limestone, Quartzite, Sandstone, Shale, Basalt and Alluvium

Major rivers

Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Gundlakamma, Vamsadhara and Nagavali

Major irrigation projects

Sri Rama Sagar, Nagarjuna Sagar, Prakasam barraige, Dawalaiswaram barriage, Srisailam, Tungabhadra, Vamsadhara, Mid-Pennar, etc

Normal annual rainfall

922 mm

Net area sown (2005-2006)

1,08,39,000 ha

Net Area irrigated by all sources (2005-2006)

43,93,000 ha

Net Area irrigated by ground water (2005-2006)

19,87,000 ha

Stage of ground water development

45 %

Districts with more than 70% of ground water development

Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, Medak, Nizamabad and Ranga Reddy

No. of dug wells (2000-01)

11,85,216

No. of shallow tube wells (2000-01)

6,56,359

No. of deep tube wells (2000-01)

87,482

Andhra Pradesh, with geographical area of 2.75 lakh sq.km, is the fourth largest State in India occupying 8.4 percent of the country's terriory. The total population of the State is 7.57 crores with a desnity of 272 persons per sq.km. The decadal growth of population came down from 24.1 percent in 1991 to 13.8 percent in 2001. There are 40 major and minor rivers in the State.
Geology
Major part of the State is underlain by granites, gneisses, migmatites, khondalites, charnockites belonging to the Peninsular Gneissic Complex, Dharwar and Eastern Ghat rocks of Archaean to Middle Proterozoic Age. The Cuddapah and Kurnool Group of Metasediments and their equivalents belonging to Middle to Upper Proterozoic Age occupy 10 percent of the State. Gondwana Group of formations, belonging to upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous Age, occupy Pranhita-Godavari valley, extending in parts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, East Godavari and West Godavari Districts. Basaltic Lava flows of Deccan Traps belonging to Cretaceous to Paleocene Age occur in parts of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Mahabubnagar, East Godavari, Ranga Reddy and West Godavari Districts. The Tertiary rocks of Mio-Pliocene Age are found in Chittoor, Nellore and Prakasam districts. The Recent coastal, deltaic and river alluvium occur along east coast especially near the mouth of the large rivers - Godavari, Krishna and Pennar and in narrow belts bordering inalnd courses of the rivers.
Irrigation
The ground water development has increased tremendously with well population increasing nearly three fold from 0.8 million in 1975 to 2.2 million in 2001. The area irrigated from ground water has increased from 1 to 2.6 million hectares during the same period, while the surface water irrigation is near static. The ground water irrigation forms 45 percent of total irrigated area.
Ground Water Conditions
*Consolidated rocks* Investigations by Central Ground Water Board in the State have indicated that in granitic formations (650 bore wells) higher yields are noticed when pegmatite/quartz vein and porphyritic granites are encountered. The tensionl fractures are more productive from ground water point of view. The total fractures within 50 m depth constitute 68 per cent, between 50 and 100 m, it is 20 per cent, whereas the fracture frequency between 100 and 250 m is 9 per cent and 150 to 200 m, it is 3 percent. In general, the fractures are lacking beyond 100 m depth. The yield of the bore wells ranges from traces to 20 lps, while the general range between 1 and 3 lps. Among shales in Metasediments, Cumbum shales are proved to be potential aquifers. Among all limestones, the degree of karstification is observed to be more in koilkuntla limestones followed by Vempalli and Narji limestones resepctively. Ground water exploration in Deccan Trap basalts has indicated that 2 to 3 flows are encountered upto the explored depth of 200 m bgl. The yield of the wells ranges from meagre to as high as 54 lps, while the general yield is between 0.5 to 3.0 lps. Deep exploration in West Godavari District has indicated the presence of trap at different depths with thickness varying from 35 to 82 m encountering 1 to 6 flows. Semi-consolidated rocks Hydrogeological studies including exploration in sedimentary formations down to a maximum depth of 750m enabled delineation of multiple aquifer sytem with free flow zones at places. Kota formations, comprising fine to medium grained sandstones with clays and shales, form moderate aquifers with recorded yields from 8 to 22 lps for draw down of 14 to 22.5 m. Maleri and Chikiala Group of rocks possess low yielding aquifers. Barakar, Kamthi and Chintalapudi Sandstones are observed to posses good potential zones down to 300 m. Gollapalli and Tirupati Sandstones of Gondwana Supergroup and Ranjahmundry Sandstone of Tertiary Age comprise high potential aquifers down to a depth of 600 m. Construction of tube well (1976) at Bhimadolu with a depth of 500 m, piercing Teritiary Sandstone, Deccan Trap and Tirupathi Sandstones, has resulted in artesian condition with free flow of 62 lps with piezometeric head of 22 m above ground level. The construction of this well was a landmark in ground water exploration. The discharge of Gondwana formations vary from 4 to 28 lps. The transmissivity is in the range of 153 to 750 sq.m/day. The thickness of Rajahmundry Sandstones varies from 9 to 394 m and the thickness of the granular zones is of the order of 18 to 175 m. The discharge of tube well constructed in Rajahmundry Sandstone out cropped area generally varies from 15 to 35 lps with transmissivity between 25 and 354 sq.m/day. Unconsolidated deposits The ground water exploration carried out in deltaic alluvium down to 650 m indicated that the fresh water is restricted to shallow to moderate depths (20 to 30 m), occasionally upto 100 m depth in paleochannels only. The yield of wells varies from 0.07 to 30 lps for drawdown ranging from 4 to 16.5 m.
Ground Water Levels
Analysis of water levels of dug wells indicated that in major part of the State the water level is between 5 and 10 m during pre monsoon period. Depth to water levels occurs between 10 and 20 m in most part of Telangana and Rayalaseema districts. During pre monsoon period the water levels in major part of Telangana and upland areas of West Godavari District are found to vary from 5 to 10 m. Depth to water level of more than 20 m is found at isolated pcokets of Medak District. The higher water level fluctuation of more than 4 m is found in Telangana and Rayalaseema regions. The water levels, which were shallow in mid seventies, have gone beyond 20m in several parts of the State. Long-term water level trends of dug wells show that the water level decline is in the range of <1cm to as high as 50 cm per year. The water logged area under some major irrigation projects is about 9 percent of irrigated area. The coastal salinity is spread over 0.5 million hectares, which is due to the depositional characteristics of sediments which perhaps control the quality of ground water.
Ground Water Resource
The net annual ground water availability is 32,946 MCM and gross annual ground water draft for all uses is 14,901 MCM, leaving a net annual ground water availability of 17,654 MCM for future irrigation. The stage of ground water development in non-command area is 65 % and it is 25 % in command area. The stage of ground water development in the State is 45 %. Out of 1231 ground water assessment units, ground water development is more than 70 % of the available resource in 471 units.
Chemical Quality
In shallow ground water, electrical conductivity ranges from 75 to 13,000 micro Siemens/cm with 85 per cent of the samples within the permissible limits. The EC ranges from 72 to 463 micro Siemens/cm at deeper levels. The higher EC values are found in deltaic and coastal alluvium. Nitrate pollution is spread over in the entire State. Fluoride contamination is mostly found in granitic formations. Fluoride problem is prevalent in granitc terrain of the state particularly in parts of Nalgonda, Prakasam, Anantapur, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Guntur districts. High fluroide is attributed to leaching of fluoride bearing minerals. Studies indicated that there is a positive relationship between fluoride and bicarbonate and negative relationship beetween Calcium and Magnesium. Ground water pollution due to industrial effluents is noticed in Patancheru, Jeedimetla, NFC areas of Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam industrial areas. Nitrate pollution is widepread in shallow aquifers. Indiscriminate aqua-farming has led to hazards like salinisation and landward migration of seawater is in Nellore district. Pesticide residues in ground water ranging from 0.515 to 3.31 mg/l against the permissible limit of 0.001 mg/l is found to be present in Mada, Kondavitivagu basin area of Guntur District.
Ground Water Management
Management of ground water resource is the need of the hour in view of ever increasing demand and improper usage by users. GROUND WATER RESOURCE IS A FINITE RESOURCE. Management practices like micro-irrigation, spacing norms between two adjacent wells, recycling of waste water, adopting changing in cropping pattern and enforcing the legal provisions on ground water would go a long way in judicious management of invaluable ground water resource.

Andhra Pradesh, with geographical area of 2.75 lakh sq.km, is the fourth largest State in India occupying 8.4 percent of the country's terriory. The total population of the State is 7.57 crores with a desnity of 272 persons per sq.km. The decadal growth of population came down from 24.1 percent in 1991 to 13.8 percent in 2001. There are 40 major and minor rivers in the State.

Geology

Major part of the State is underlain by granites, gneisses, migmatites, khondalites, charnockites belonging to the Peninsular Gneissic Complex, Dharwar and Eastern Ghat rocks of Archaean to Middle Proterozoic Age. The Cuddapah and Kurnool Group of Metasediments and their equivalents belonging to Middle to Upper Proterozoic Age occupy 10 percent of the State. Gondwana Group of formations, belonging to upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous Age, occupy Pranhita-Godavari valley, extending in parts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, East Godavari and West Godavari Districts. Basaltic Lava flows of Deccan Traps belonging to Cretaceous to Paleocene Age occur in parts of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Mahabubnagar, East Godavari, Ranga Reddy and West Godavari Districts. The Tertiary rocks of Mio-Pliocene Age are found in Chittoor, Nellore and Prakasam districts. The Recent coastal, deltaic and river alluvium occur along east coast especially near the mouth of the large rivers - Godavari, Krishna and Pennar and in narrow belts bordering inalnd courses of the rivers.

Irrigation

The ground water development has increased tremendously with well population increasing nearly three fold from 0.8 million in 1975 to 2.2 million in 2001. The area irrigated from ground water has increased from 1 to 2.6 million hectares during the same period, while the surface water irrigation is near static. The ground water irrigation forms 45 percent of total irrigated area.

Ground Water Conditions

Consolidated rocks

Investigations by Central Ground Water Board in the State have indicated that in granitic formations (650 bore wells) higher yields are noticed when pegmatite/quartz vein and porphyritic granites are encountered. The tensionl fractures are more productive from ground water point of view. The total fractures within 50 m depth constitute 68 per cent, between 50 and 100 m, it is 20 per cent, whereas the fracture frequency between 100 and 250 m is 9 per cent and 150 to 200 m, it is 3 percent. In general, the fractures are lacking beyond 100 m depth. The yield of the bore wells ranges from traces to 20 lps, while the general range between 1 and 3 lps. Among shales in Metasediments, Cumbum shales are proved to be potential aquifers. Among all limestones, the degree of karstification is observed to be more in koilkuntla limestones followed by Vempalli and Narji limestones resepctively.

Ground water exploration in Deccan Trap basalts has indicated that 2 to 3 flows are encountered upto the explored depth of 200 m bgl. The yield of the wells ranges from meagre to as high as 54 lps, while the general yield is between 0.5 to 3.0 lps. Deep exploration in West Godavari District has indicated the presence of trap at different depths with thickness varying from 35 to 82 m encountering 1 to 6 flows.

Semi-consolidated rocks

Hydrogeological studies including exploration in sedimentary formations down to a maximum depth of 750m enabled delineation of multiple aquifer sytem with free flow zones at places. Kota formations, comprising fine to medium grained sandstones with clays and shales, form moderate aquifers with recorded yields from 8 to 22 lps for draw down of 14 to 22.5 m. Maleri and Chikiala Group of rocks possess low yielding aquifers. Barakar, Kamthi and Chintalapudi Sandstones are observed to posses good potential zones down to 300 m. Gollapalli and Tirupati Sandstones of Gondwana Supergroup and Ranjahmundry Sandstone of Tertiary Age comprise high potential aquifers down to a depth of 600 m. Construction of tube well (1976) at Bhimadolu with a depth of 500 m, piercing Teritiary Sandstone, Deccan Trap and Tirupathi Sandstones, has resulted in artesian condition with free flow of 62 lps with piezometeric head of 22 m above ground level. The construction of this well was a landmark in ground water exploration. The discharge of Gondwana formations vary from 4 to 28 lps. The transmissivity is in the range of 153 to 750 sq.m/day. The thickness of Rajahmundry Sandstones varies from 9 to 394 m and the thickness of the granular zones is of the order of 18 to 175 m. The discharge of tube well constructed in Rajahmundry Sandstone out cropped area generally varies from 15 to 35 lps with transmissivity between 25 and 354 sq.m/day.

Unconsolidated deposits

The ground water exploration carried out in deltaic alluvium down to 650 m indicated that the fresh water is restricted to shallow to moderate depths (20 to 30 m), occasionally upto 100 m depth in paleochannels only. The yield of wells varies from 0.07 to 30 lps for drawdown ranging from 4 to 16.5 m.

Ground Water Levels

Analysis of water levels of dug wells indicated that in major part of the State the water level is between 5 and 10 m during pre monsoon period. Depth to water levels occurs between 10 and 20 m in most part of Telangana and Rayalaseema districts. During pre monsoon period the water levels in major part of Telangana and upland areas of West Godavari District are found to vary from 5 to 10 m. Depth to water level of more than 20 m is found at isolated pcokets of Medak District. The higher water level fluctuation of more than 4 m is found in Telangana and Rayalaseema regions. The water levels, which were shallow in mid seventies, have gone beyond 20m in several parts of the State. Long-term water level trends of dug wells show that the water level decline is in the range of <1cm to as high as 50 cm per year. The water logged area under some major irrigation projects is about 9 percent of irrigated area. The coastal salinity is spread over 0.5 million hectares, which is due to the depositional characteristics of sediments which perhaps control the quality of ground water.

Ground Water Resource

The net annual ground water availability is 32,946 MCM and gross annual ground water draft for all uses is 14,901 MCM, leaving a net annual ground water availability of 17,654 MCM for future irrigation. The stage of ground water development in non-command area is 65 % and it is 25 % in command area. The stage of ground water development in the State is 45 %. Out of 1231 ground water assessment units, ground water development is more than 70 % of the available resource in 471 units.

Chemical Quality

In shallow ground water, electrical conductivity ranges from 75 to 13,000 micro Siemens/cm with 85 per cent of the samples within the permissible limits. The EC ranges from 72 to 463 micro Siemens/cm at deeper levels. The higher EC values are found in deltaic and coastal alluvium. Nitrate pollution is spread over in the entire State. Fluoride contamination is mostly found in granitic formations.

Fluoride problem is prevalent in granitc terrain of the state particularly in parts of Nalgonda, Prakasam, Anantapur, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Guntur districts. High fluroide is attributed to leaching of fluoride bearing minerals. Studies indicated that there is a positive relationship between fluoride and bicarbonate and negative relationship beetween Calcium and Magnesium.

Ground water pollution due to industrial effluents is noticed in Patancheru, Jeedimetla, NFC areas of Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam industrial areas. Nitrate pollution is widepread in shallow aquifers. Indiscriminate aqua-farming has led to hazards like salinisation and landward migration of seawater is in Nellore district. Pesticide residues in ground water ranging from 0.515 to 3.31 mg/l against the permissible limit of 0.001 mg/l is found to be present in Mada, Kondavitivagu basin area of Guntur District.

Ground Water Management

Management of ground water resource is the need of the hour in view of ever increasing demand and improper usage by users. GROUND WATER RESOURCE IS A FINITE RESOURCE. Management practices like micro-irrigation, spacing norms between two adjacent wells, recycling of waste water, adopting changing in cropping pattern and enforcing the legal provisions on ground water would go a long way in judicious management of invaluable ground water resource.