CGWB - Publications and Media Warehouse
Category | Artificial Recharge |
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State | Delhi |
District | Central East Nazul Land North North East North West Shahdara South South East South West West |
Block | Alipur Chanakyapuri Civil Lines Defence Colony Delhi Cantonment Dwarka Gandhi Nagar Hauz Khas Kalkaji Kanjhawala Kapashera Karawal Nagar Karol Bagh Kotwali Mayur Vihar Mehrauli Model Town Najafgarh Narela Nazur Land Patel Nagar Preet Vihar Punjabi Bagh Rajouri Garden Rohini Saket Saraswati Vihar Sarita Vihar Seelampur Seemapuri Shahdara Vasant Vihar Vivek Vihar Yamuna Vihar |
Year of Issue | 2011 |
Number of Authors | 2 |
Name of Authors | Dr. S.C. Dhiman; Sushil Gupta |
Keywords | Ground Water Development Scenario of the Country, Need for Artificial Recharge, Traditional Practices of Artificial Recharge, Planning of Artificial Recharge Projects, Artificial Recharge Techniques and Design, Efforts of Central Ground Water Board on Artificial Recharge And Rain Water Harvesting, Common Recharge Techniques Implemented by Cgwb, Success Stories of Artificial Rechargre in States, Promotion of Artificial Recharge – Efforts of Central Ground Water Authority |
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The speedy and uncontrolled usage of ground water has also created many problems. The intensive ground water development in many parts of the country has resulted in depletion of ground water levels and availability of the resource. The pristine ground water quality too became its victim. Though, for the State as a whole the availability of ground water resources appears quite comfortable but localised areas have shown the deleterious effects of excessive ground water development. To maintain sustainability of ground water resources artificial recharge to ground water is being practiced. Subsurface reservoirs are very attractive and technically feasible alternatives for storing surplus monsoon runoff. These subsurface reservoirs can store substantial quantity of water. The sub-surface storages have advantages of being free from the adverse effects like inundation of large surface area and no gigantic structures are required. The conduit functions of aquifers thereby reducing the cost intensive surface water conveyance system. The effluence resulting from such sub-surface storage at various surface intersection points in the form of spring line, or stream emergence, would enhance the river flows and improve the presently degraded ecosystem of riverine tracts, particularly in the outfall areas. Central Ground Water Board started Artificial Recharge Studies during VIII the Plan (1992-1997) during which recharge studies in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Chandigarh were taken up. The recharge works were taken up as wide spread declines were observed in the water level in the country. The studies were taken up with an objective to identify suitable artificial recharge structure in different hydrogeological terrains. The studies have been continued during different five-year plans till date. Ground Water Development Scenario of The Country as annual precipitation in India is of the order of 4000 BCM (including snowfall) and the natural runoff in the rivers is computed to be about 1869 BCM. The utilizable surface water and replenishable ground water resources are of the order of 690 BCM and 433 BCM respectively. Thus, the total water resources available for various uses, on an annual basis, are of the order of 1123 BCM. Although the per capita availability of water in India is about 1869 cubic meters as in 1997 against the benchmark value of 1000 Cu m signifying ‘water-starved’ condition, there is wide disparity in basin-wise water availability due to uneven rainfall and varying population density in the country. The availability is as high as 14057 cu m per capita in Brahmaputra/ Barak Basin and as low as 307 cu m in Sabarmati basin. Many other basins like Mahi, Tapi, Pennar are already water stressed. The ground water availability in the Indian sub-continent is highly complex due to diversified geological formations, complexity in tectonic framework, climatological dissimilarities and changing hydro-chemical environments. Ground water development in different areas of the country is not uniform. There is intensive development of ground water in certain areas, which has resulted in over – exploitation of the ground water resources and led to declining trend in levels of ground water. As per the latest assessment of ground water resources carried out jointly by the Central Ground Water Board and the concerned States, out of 5723 assessment units (Blocks/ Mandals/Talukas) in the country, 839 units in various States have been categorized as ‘Over-exploited’ (Figure.1) i.e., the annual ground water extraction exceeds the annual replenishable resource and significant decline in long term ground water levels has been observed either in pre- monsoon or post-monsoon or both. In addition, 226 units are ‘Critical’ i.e., the stage of ground water development is above 90 % and within 100% of annual replenishable resource and significant decline is observed in trend of long-term water levels in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Natural replenishment of ground water reservoir is slow and is unable to keep pace with the excessive continued exploitation of ground water resources in various parts of the country. This has resulted in declining ground water levels and depleted ground water resources in large areas of the country. In order to augment the natural supply of ground water, artificial recharge to ground water has become an important and frontal management strategy. The efforts are basically augmentation of natural movement of surface water into ground water reservoir through suitable civil structures. The techniques of artificial aquifer recharge interrelate and integrate the source water to ground water reservoir and are dependent on the hydrogeological situation of the area. India is a vast country with very deep historical roots and strong cultural traditions. These are reflected in our social fabric and institutions of community life. In spite of social movements of varied nature through the millennia, we have retained the spirit and essence of these traditions and have remained attached to our roots. Some of our traditions, evolved and developed by our ancestors thousands of years ago have played important roles in different spheres of our life. One of the most important among these is the tradition of collecting, storing and preserving water for various uses. The tradition probably started at the dawn of civilization with small human settlements coming up on the banks of rivers and streams. When, due to vagaries of nature, rivers and streams dried up or the flow in them dwindled, they moved away to look for more reliable sources of water. In due course of time, large settlements came up along the banks of perennial rivers that provided plentiful water. As the population increased, settlements developed into towns and cities and agriculture expanded. Techniques were developed to augment water availability by collecting and storing rainwater, tapping hill and underground springs and water from snow and glacier melt etc. Water came to be regarded as precious and its conservation and preservation was sanctified by religion. Various religious, cultural and social rituals prescribed purification and cleansing with water. Water itself had many applications in different rituals. Development of reliable sources of water such as storage reservoirs, ponds, lakes, irrigation canals etc. came to be regarded as an essential part of good governance. Planning of Artificial Recharge Projects as basic requirement of artificial recharge as availability of non-committed runoff in space and time and identification of suitable hydrogeological environment and sites for augmenting subsurface reservoir through cost effective artificial recharge techniques. The remaining criteria and inputs required for planning the scheme are: identification of area, hydrometerological studies, hydrological studies, soil infiltration studies, hydrogeological studies, Aquifer Geometry, Chemical Quality of Source Water. Artificial Recharge Techniques and Design- A variety of methods have been developed to recharge ground water. Artificial recharge techniques can be broadly categorized into: Direct surface techniques (Flooding, basins or percolation tanks, stream augmentation ditch and furrow system, over irrigation); Direct sub surface techniques (Injection wells or recharge wells, Recharge pits and shafts, Dug well recharge, Bore hole recharge, Natural openings, cavity fillings); Combination surface – sub-surface techniques (Basin or percolation tanks with pit shaft or wells); Indirect Techniques ( induced recharge from surface water source, aquifer modification). Efforts of Central Ground Water Board on Artificial Recharge And Rain Water Harvesting- Pilot / Demonstrative Schemes, dug well Recharge in Hard Rock Areas of the Country Common Recharge Techniques Implemented by Cgwb as Flooding, recharge Basin or Percolation Tanks, Gully Plug / Check Dam/ Nala Bund / Gabbion Structures, Recharge Wells/Dug Well Recharge /Borehole Flooding, Recharge Pits/ Trench and Shafts, Subsurface Dykes/ Underground Bandharas, Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting and Aquifer Recharge. Success Stories of Artificial Rechargre in States of Andhra Pradesh; Chhattisgarh; N C T, Delhi; Karnataka; Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra; North Eastern States; Orissa; Haryana Punjab; Tamil Nadu; West Bengal Sikkam; Andman Nicobar Islands.